英国商科作业代写 自由市场
垄断市场是由一个卖方在市场上销售一种独特的产品所构成的市场类型。在垄断市场中，卖方不面临任何竞争，因为他是商品的唯一销售者，没有紧密的替代品。例如，一家披萨店可能有垄断，虽然汉堡可能是替代品。垄断市场缺乏竞争。进入垄断市场的壁垒很高。垄断在短期内是可能的，但从长期来看是困难的，因为存在着很高的壁垒，因为最主要的原因是单个公司拥有生产一种产品所必需的关键原材料。我们可以以戴比尔斯为例，因为它控制着世界上大多数的钻石矿。其次，政府赋予一家公司生产商品的独家权利。例如专利、版权法和公共特许经营权。第三个原因是更大的规模经济创造了自然垄断，一个公司可以以低于两个或两个以上公司的平均成本供应整个市场。自然垄断产生规模经济的结果,因为自然垄断平均总成本下降显著成本随着产出的增加给垄断优势图反映了潜在的竞争者之上,平均总成本曲线仍在下降,当它穿过需求曲线点答:如果只有一个公司产生电力市场的需求曲线相交于平均成本,平均总成本为每千瓦时发电0.02美元。如果将市场划分为两家公司，每家生产100亿千瓦时，如点b所示，生产电力的平均成本增加到每千瓦时0.04美元。在这种情况下，如果一家公司扩大生产，它可以降低平均总成本曲线。
英国商科作业代写 自由市场
Monopoly market is a type of market which comprises a single seller selling a unique product in the market. In a monopoly market, seller does not face any competition, as he is the only seller of the goods with no close substitutes. For example, a pizza shop may have monopoly, although burger may be a substitutes. Monopoly market lacks the competition. Barriers to enter into monopoly market is very high. It is possible to have a monopoly in short run but it is difficult in long run due to high barriers which exists because the first and foremost reason is that single firm owns the key raw materials necessary to produce a good. We can take DeBeers as an example as it has control over most of the world’s diamond mines. Secondly, the government gives a single firm exclusive rights to produce the good. Examples patents, copyrights laws and public franchise. Third reason is the larger economies of scale that creates natural monopoly, where a single firm can supply the whole market at a lower average cost than two or more firms. Natural monopoly arises as a result of economies of scale because for natural monopoly the average total cost declines significantly as output increases giving monopolist cost advantage over potential competitors Above figure reflects that, the average total cost curve is still falling when it crosses the demand curve at point A. If only one firm produces electricity in the market where average cost intersects the demand curve, average total cost will equal $0.02 per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced. If the market is divided between two firms, each producing 10 billion kilowatt-hours, the average cost of producing electricity increases to $0.04 per kilowatt-hour as shown in point B. In this case, if one firm expands production it can decrease the average total cost curve.
